Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Cake/Kernel as Protein Source in Ruminants Feed

Ruminant production that is very popular in Nigeria livestock production faces series of problems, chief among them is the shortage of protein supply in adequate amount for optimum performance of the animals. The forages, which constitute the bulk of the source of feed for these animals, fluctuate in supply with poor nutrient content especially during the dry season of the year. The convectional protein concentrates which boost the protein supply faces intense competition from man. It has become imperative for intensive effort to be made at making the unconventional sources of protein available to the farmers. Neem seed cake/ kernel cake fits as one of the unconventional protein supply in view of the high level of the protein content and balancing of the amino acids. It is capable of offering a big relief to these protein shortages. The neem seed is readily available in the northern part of Nigeria that is the home to the largest of number of ruminants in the country. However, they are not readily acceptable to the animals due its pungent smell and bitterness caused by the bioactive principles present. This paper reviewed availability of neem seed in Nigeria, the antinutritional and other bioactive factors inherent in the cake as well as the methods of processing and removing them. The review also highlighted the nutritional quality of the cake, effect on haematological and biochemical characteristics; and the economics of use of the cake. The paper concluded that neem seed cake/kernel could readily serve as safe source of protein to the ruminants with appropriate treatment to remove active principles